Paraguay - Dictatorship and War

Dictatorship and war

Confusion overtook the state in the aftermath of Francia's death on September 20, 1840, because El Supremo, now El Difunto (the Dead One), had left no successor. After a few days, a junta emerged, freed some political prisoners, and soon proved itself ineffectual at governing. In January 1841, the junta was overthrown. Another coup followed sixteen days later, and chaos continued until in March 1841 congress chose Carlos Antonio L�pez as first consul. In 1844 another congress named L�pez president of the republic, a post he held until his death in 1862. Paraguay had its second dictator.

L�pez, a lawyer, was one of the most educated men in the country. Until his elevation to consul, L�pez, born in 1787, had lived in relative obscurity. Although L�pez's government was similar to Francia's system, his appearance, style, and policies were quite different. In contrast to Francia, who was lean, L�pez was obese--a "great tidal wave of human flesh," according to one who knew him. L�pez was a despot who wanted to found a dynasty and run Paraguay like a personal fiefdom. Francia had pictured himself as the first citizen of a revolutionary state, whereas L�pez used the all-powerful state bequeathed by the proverbially honest Francia to enrich himself and his family.

L�pez soon became the largest landowner and cattle rancher in the country, amassing a fortune, which he augmented with the state's monopoly profits from the yerba mat� trade. Despite his greed, Paraguay prospered under El Excelent�simo (the Most Excellent One), as L�pez was known. Under L�pez, Paraguay's population increased from about 220,000 in 1840 to about 400,000 in 1860. Several highways and a telegraph system were built. A British firm began building a railroad, one of South America's first, in 1858. During his term of office, L�pez improved national defense, abolished the remnants of the reducciones, stimulated economic development, and tried to strengthen relations with foreign countries. He also took measures to reduce the threat to settled Paraguayans from the marauding Indian tribes that still roamed the Chaco. Paraguay also made large strides in education. When L�pez took office, Asunci�n had only one primary school. During L�pez's reign, more than 400 schools were built for 25,000 primary students, and the state reinstituted secondary education. L�pez's educational development plans progressed with difficulty, however, because Francia had purged the country of the educated elite, which included teachers.

Less rigorous than Francia, L�pez loosened restrictions on foreign intercourse, boosted exports, invited foreign physicians, engineers, and investors to settle in Paraguay, and paid for students to study abroad. He also sent his son Francisco Solano to Europe to buy guns.

Like Francia, L�pez had the overriding aim of defending and preserving Paraguay. He launched reforms with this goal in mind. Trade eased arms acquisitions and increased the state's income. Foreign experts helped build an iron factory and a large armory. The new railroad was to be used to transport troops. L�pez used diplomacy to protect the state's interests abroad. Yet despite his apparent liberality, Antonio L�pez was a dictator who held Paraguayans on a tight leash. He allowed Paraguayans no more freedom to oppose the government than they had had under Francia. Congress became his puppet, and the people abdicated their political rights, a situation enshrined in the 1844 constitution, which placed all power in L�pez's hands.

Under L�pez, Paraguay began to tackle the question of slavery, which had existed since early colonial days. Settlers had brought a few slaves to work as domestic servants, but were generally lenient about their bondage. Conditions worsened after 1700, however, with the importation of about 50,000 African slaves to be used as agricultural workers. Under Francia, the state acquired about 1,000 slaves when it confiscated property from the elite. L�pez did not free these slaves; instead, he enacted the 1842 Law of the Free Womb, which ended the slave trade and guaranteed that the children of slaves would be free at age twenty-five. But the new law served only to increase the slave population and depress slave prices as slave birthrates soared.

Foreign relations began to increase in importance under L�pez, who retained Paraguay's traditional mistrust of the surrounding states, yet lacked Francia's diplomatic adroitness. Initially L�pez feared an attack by the Buenos Aires dictator Rosas. With Brazilian encouragement, L�pez had dropped Francia's policy of neutrality and began meddling in Argentine politics. Using the slogan "Independence or Death," L�pez declared war against Rosas in 1845 to support an unsuccessful rebellion in the Argentine province of Corrientes. Although complications with Britain and France prevented him from moving against Paraguay, Rosas quickly established a porte�o embargo on Paraguayan goods. After Rosas fell in 1852, L�pez signed a treaty with Buenos Aires that recognized Paraguay's independence, although the porte�os never ratified it. In the same year, L�pez signed treaties of friendship, commerce, and navigation with France and the United States. Nonetheless, growing tensions with several countries, including the United States, characterized the second half of L�pez's rule. In 1858 the United States sent a flotilla to Paraguayan waters in a successful action to claim compensation for an American sailor who had been killed three years earlier.

Although he wore his distrust for foreigners like a badge of loyalty to the nation, L�pez was not as cautious as he appeared. L�pez recklessly dropped Francia's key policies of neutrality without making the hard choices and compromises about where his allegiances lay. He allowed unsettled controversies and boundary disputes with Brazil and Argentina to smolder. The two regional giants had tolerated Paraguayan independence, partly because Paraguay served to check the expansionist tendencies of the other. Both were satisfied if the other could not dominate Paraguayan affairs. At the same time, however, a Paraguay that was antagonistic to both Brazil and Argentina would give these countries a reason for uniting.

History of Paraguay, Dictatorship and War
History of Paraguay - Wikipedia
PARAGUAY: MEMORIES OF A DICTATORSHIP
Paraguay under dictatorship 1811-1870 - Latin America
WWW-VL: History: Paraguay History | Asunci�n, Rio Paraguay